Vitamin D3/D2

Title Summary Year
UVB-exposed wheat germ oil increases serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D2 without improving overall vitamin D status: a randomized controlled trial UVB-exposed wheat germ oil containing vitamin D can increase 25(OH)D2 levels but do no improve total serum levels of 25(OH)D of vitamin D-insufficient subjects. Vitamin D measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay. 2022
Prevalence of 25(OH)D insufficiency and overweight/obesity in an adult population from the Central Italy The study suggests that awareness of the relationship between obesity and vitamin D status is clinically relevant and the investigation of the pathogenic mechanisms could lead to improve the clinical approach to obesity. Vitamin D measured with HPLC assay from Chromsystems. 2022
Low socioeconomic status predicts vitamin D status in a cross-section of Irish children The study determined that a quarter of our sample of children were deficient, rising to one-third in those in disadvantaged areas. Females and those aged over 12 years had a higher prevalence of deficiency. Vitamin D measured with Chromsystems assay. 2022
Essential metals, vitamins and antioxidant enzyme activities in COVID-19 patients and their potential associations with the disease severity Their findings reinforce that deficiency or excess of certain micronutrients plays a role in the pathogenesis of COVID-19. More studies are required to support their results. Vitamin A and E were measured with Chromsystems HPLC assay, vitamin D with MassChrom assay. 2022
Vitamin D epimers are associated with circulating haemoglobin levels independently of C-reactive protein The study showed that vitamin D epimers are associated with circulating haemoglobin levels, which supports the role of vitamin D in red blood cell and iron physiology. 2021
Factors associated with bone health status of Malaysian pre-adolescent children in the PREBONE-Kids Study Lean mass was the major determinant of bone mineral content and demnsity among pre-adolescent Malaysian children alongside other modifiable lifestyle factors. MassChrom Vitamin D an dpeimer upgrade were used 2021
Postprandial 25-hydroxyvitamin D response varies according to the lipid composition of a vitamin D3 fortified dairy drink This research supports the use of olive oil as the lipid component of vitamin D fortified dairy drinks to improve 25(OH)D in insufficient participants. Vitamin D measured with Chromsystems assay. 2021
Maternal obesity and baseline vitamin D insufficiency alter the response to vitamin D supplementation: a double-blind, randomized trial in pregnant women This research highlights the need for a revised maternal policy on maternal vitamin D supplementation guidelines, particularly considering our findings on maternal obesity and the implications for related infant umbilical cord 25(OH)D concentrations. Measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay. 2021
Acute effects of an inorganic phosphorus additive on mineral metabolism and cardiometabolic risk factors in healthy subjects An oral phosphorus load can induce elevated postprandial levels of circulating phosphate for hours in healthy subjects, despite rapid homeostatic counterreactions. Vitamin D, measured with MassChrom assay was used to dtermine associations with phosphate an parathyroid hormone. 2021
A Comparison of Bone Mineral Density and Its Predictors in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected Older Men According to this study, traditional risk factors for fracture, including low body mass index, high C-terminal cross-linking telopeptide of type I collagen level, and low vitamin D supplementation, were significant predictors of low bone mineral density and trabecular bone score. Vitamin D measured with MassChrom assay. 2021
Vitamin D and Blood Parameters The elevation of vitamin D plasma levels provides enhanced preconditions for a better tissue oxygenation on a cellular level. Vitamin D measured with MassChrom assay. 2021
Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Modifiable Lifestyle Factors in Pre-Adolescent Children Living in Urban Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Modifiable lifestyle factors such as sun exposure and reducing obesity are important public health guidance to ensure optimal vitamin D status in these children according to that study that used the MassChrom Vitamin D assay including the epimer upgrade 2021
Investigating the Relationship between Vitamin D and Persistent Symptoms Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection These results suggest that persistent fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance following COVID-19 are independent of vitamin D. Measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay. 2021
Effect of gender, diabetes duration, inflammatory cytokines, and vitamin D level on bone mineral density among Thai children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes Deleterious effect of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) on bone mineral density (BMD) is gender specific. The longer the duration of T1DM, the greater the deficit in BMD found among boys with T1DM. Vitamin D and epimers measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay and the epimer upgrade. 2021
Vitamin D and Blood Parameters The elevation of vitamin D plasma levels provides enhanced preconditions for a better tissue oxygenation on a cellular level. Vitamin D levels measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay.  2021
Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Modifiable Lifestyle Factors in Pre-Adolescent Children Living in Urban Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia "Body surface area exposed to sunlight, Sun Index, and fat mass were significant predictors of 25(OH)D concentrations in this population.  modifiable lifestyle factors such as sun exposure and reducing obesity are important public health guidance to ensure optimal vitamin D status in these children. Vitamin D and epimers were determined with MassChrom Vitamin D assay including the epimer upgrade. 2021
Vitamin D pathway gene polymorphisms, vitamin D level, and cytokines in children with type 1 diabetes Relationships between Type-1 diabetes and CYP2R1 polymorphism and VDR haplotype were found. Vitamin D gene-related variations were associated with vitamin D and circulating cytokine levels in children with Type-1 diabetes 2021
Vitamin D and Hospital Admission in Older Adults: A Prospective Association Vitamin D deficiency was a common finding in our cohort, affecting all age groups and occurring in over half (51%) of the values measured. Measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay. 2021
Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in an inpatient population in the Swiss Canton of Basel-Country Vitamin D deficiency was a common finding in our cohort, affecting all age groups and occurring in over half (51%) of the values measured. Measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay. 2021
Geomapping Vitamin D Status in a Large City and Surrounding Population—Exploring the Impact of Location and Demographics This study shows that nearly one in four of the GP-tested population in Dublin and surrounding areas are vitamin D deficient in the winter, during which time up to 50% have 25(OH)D less than 50 nmol/L. Measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay. 2020
Inadequacy of Vitamin D Nutritional Status in Individuals with Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity Phenotype: The Relevance of Insulin Resistance The highest prevalence of inadequacy of serum concentrations of 25(OH)D and greater severity of this deficiency in individuals with MUHO phenotype were observed. Vitamin D was measured by the Chromsystems HPLC assay. 2020 
A High Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency Observed in an Irish South East Asian Population: A Cross-Sectional Observation Study This study concludes that given the importance of vitamin D for health, a sub-population could be at a significantly increased risk of rickets, impaired bone metabolism, and osteoporosis. MassChrom Vitamin D assay was used for the determination of vitamin D. 2020
Inadequacy of Vitamin D Nutritional Status in Individuals with Metabolically Unhealthy Obesity Phenotype: The Relevance of Insulin Resistance According to this study, monitoring the nutritional status of vitamin D in individuals with obesity that present with metabolically unhealthy obesity phenotype may contribute to minimize the occurrence and aggravation of diseases associated with obesity. 2020
High-phosphorus diets reduce aortic lesions and cardiomyocyte size and modify lipid metabolism in Ldl receptor knockout mice A high phosphorus intake strongly affected the formation of vascular lesions, cardiac morphology, and lipid metabolism, although these changes are not indicative of an increased cardiovascular risk. MassChrom Vitamin D assay was used. 2020
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Concentrations Are Lower in Patients with Positive PCR for SARS-CoV-2 On the basis of this preliminary observation, vitamin D supplementation might be a useful measure to reduce the risk of infection. Vitamin D was measured with MassChrom assay combined with MassSTAR automation platform. 2020
Influence of physical activity on serum vitamin D levels in people with multiple sclerosis physical activity has an effect on vitamin D levels independent of sunlight exposure time in people with MS (pwMS) with low-grade disability. Vitamin D measured by HPLC assay (Chromsystems).  2020
Regulation of vitamin D system in skeletal muscle and resident myogenic stem cell during development, maturation, and ageing understanding the local vitamin D system in skeletal muscle could help develop effective interventions for vitamin D supplementation to improve skeletal muscle mass and function during ageing. massChrom Vitamin D measured Vitamin D. 2020
Sunshine is an important determinant of vitamin D status even among high-dose supplement users:2 secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial in Crohn’s disease patients The authors suggest that sunshine is an important determinant of 25(OH )D concentration, even in those who are taking high‐dose vitamin D supplements and reside at a higher mid‐latitude location. Vitamin D concentrations were measured with the MassChrom Vitamin D assay. 2020
High dose vitamin D exacerbates central nervous system autoimmunity by raising T-cell excitatory calcium These findings suggest that vitamin D at moderate levels may exert a direct regulatory effect, while continuous high dose vitamin D treatment could trigger multiple sclerosis disease activity by raising mean levels of T-cell excitatory calcium. Measured with massChrom Vitamin D assay.  2019
Klotho and vitamin D in multiple sclerosis: an Italian study Our findings did not identify a role of Klotho in the genetic susceptibility to multiple sclerosis. Vitamin D was measured with HPLC assay from Chromsystems.  2019
Vitamin D Deficiency and Unclear Abdominal Pain in Patients from Low- and Middle-Income Countries This study showed for the first time that patients from LMIC who presented to ED with UAP displayed VDD. Validation from larger studies is warranted to evaluate the linkage of VDD with UAP. Measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay. 2019
Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in the third trimester of pregnancy: a multicentre study in Switzerland Vitamin D supplement intake during pregnancy was found to be the most actionable determinant of vitamin D status, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy should receive more attention in clinical practice. MassChrom Vitamin D was used in combination with MassSTAR, an automated solution.  2018
Impaired bone mineral accrual in prepubertal HIV-infected children: a cohort study. HIV-infected children have compromised bone mass and the presence of puberty seems to provide suitability of these parameters. The vitmin D levels were anylsed by using the HPLC assay from Chromsystems. 2015
Potential causal associations between vitamin D and uric acid: Bidirectional mediation analysis The study used MassChrom vitamin D assay to analyse suggested potential causal associations between the GC gene and UA through the 25(OH)D mediator. 2015
Relationship of vitamin D status and bone mass according to vitamin D-binding protein genotypes The interaction between vitamin D status, as measured by circulating 25(OH)D and DBP rs2282679 genotypes, modified the association between 25(OH)D and BMD and bone markers. Differences in DBP genotypes additionally influenced the correlation of fetuin-A levels with femoral BMD. Measured with the Chromsystems LC-MS/MS assay. 2015
The Role of FTO and Vitamin D for the Weight Loss Effect of Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass Surgery in Obese Patients data suggest that presurgery vitamin D levels influence the size of genotype effects of FTO rs9939609 on RYGB surgery-induced weight loss in obese patients. HPLC- Vitamin D Assay from Chromsystems was used 2015
Vitamin D Binding Protein is not involved in Vitamin D deficiency in patients with chronic kidney disease This study concludes that Vitamin D binding protein is not involved in vitamin D deficiency. 2015
Vitamin D deficiency decreases survival of bacterial meningoencephalitis in mice The researchers' obersavations suggest a detrimental role of vitamin D deficiency in bacterial central nervous system infections. Vitamin D that was measured with the MassChrom assay may exert immune regulatory functions. 2015
Vitamin D status predicts 30 day mortality in hospitalised cats this study demonstrates that low serum 25(OH)D concentration status is an independent predictor of short term mortality in cats. Vitamin D measured with the MassChrom assay. 2015
Vitamin D Status: A Different Story in the Very Young versus the Very Old Romanian Patients the study stresses the need to increase awareness of the importance of preventing Vitamin D supplementation administration errors in the young. Vitamin D measured by the Chromsystems HPLC assay. 2015
Diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas Diagnostic value of endoscopic ultrasonography for preoperative localization of parathyroid adenomas, vitamin D measured by HPLC. 2014
Dietary, lifestyle, and genetic determinants of vitamin D status: a cross-sectional analysis from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-Germany study Study in the German population on the vitamin D status. Vitamin D was measured with the MassChrom assay, with LC-MS/MS  considered as the gold standard. 2014
Evaluation of left ventricle functions by tissue Doppler, strain, and strain rate echocardiography in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism Study on Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality increases in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT). Vitamin D measured by Chromsystems HPLC assay. 2014
Low bone mineral density in young individuals is associated with greater gingival inflammation and recession Low bone mineral density in young individuals was associated with greater gingival inflammation and recession when compared to those individuals with normal BMD values. Measured with HPLC Vitamin D assay. 2014
Lupin protein isolate versus casein modifies cholesterol excretion and mRNA expression of intestinal sterol transporters in a pig model Data reveal that the cholesterol-lowering effect of lupin protein isolate is attributable to an increased faecal output of cholesterol and a reduced intestinal uptake of cholesterol. Vitamin D in this study was measured by MassChrom Vitamin D. 2014
Vitamin D Deficiency Reduces the Immune Response, Phagocytosis Rate, and Intracellular Killing Rate of Microglial Cells  observations suggest that vitamin D deficiency may impair the resistance of the brain against bacterial infections. Vitamin D measured with MassChrom assay by LC-MS/MS. 2014
Vitamin D is not linked to folate status and mRNA expression of intestinal proton-coupled folate transporter Current data from studies with model animals and humans provide no indication for a vitamin D effect on intestinal uptake and status of folate. Vitamin D measured by LC-MS/MS assay from Chromsystems 2014
Association of vitamin D deficiency and hyperparathyroidism with anemia: a cross-sectional study . Results from this study suggest that vitamin D deficiency is independently associated with anemia in females but not males. Measured with the Chromsystems MassChrom assay. 2013
Changes in circulating 25-hydroxyvitamin D according to vitamin D binding protein genotypes after vitamin D₃ or D₂ supplementation Genetic variation in DBP (rs4588 SNP) influences responsiveness to vitamin D₃ but not vitamin D₂, both measured with the MassChrom assay 2013
Comparison between daily supplementation doses of 200 versus 400 IU of vitamin D in infants in order to avoid vitamin D deficiency and rickets, the authors  recommend supplementation dose of vitamin D at 400 IU/day as a safe and effective dose. Chromsystems HPLC assay was usd for the dtermination of vitamin D. 2013
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and its genetic determinants in relation to incident myocardial infarction and stroke in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC)-Germany study the present findings do not point to a major causal role of vitamin D in the development of these diseases. Vitamin D measured by MassChrom assay.  2013
Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D and its genetic determinants in relation to incident type 2 diabetes: a prospective case-cohort study This study casts doubt on a strong causal association of 25(OH)D with Type 2 diabetes, but suggest that further research in large-scale consortia is needed. Vitamin D measured by MassChrom assay. 2013
Preoperative nutritional deficiencies in severely obese bariatric candidates are not linked to gastric Helicobacter pylori infection Data confirm previous reports on high prevalences of nutritional deficiencies in severely obese subjects. However, they do not provide evidence for a contributing role of gastric H. pylori infection to these nutritional alterations. HPLC assay from Chromsystems was used to determine Vitamin D. 2013
Seasonal disease activity and serum vitamin D levels in rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and osteoarthritis results suggest that vitamin D does not have an important role in the seasonal disease activity of the diseases. Vitamin D measured by HPLC assay from Chromsystems. 2013
The Association of vitamin D status and fasting glucose according to body fat mass in young healthy Thais The authors speculate that adiposity might influence the relationship of vitamin D status that was measured by the MassCHrom assay and FPG (fasting plasma glucose).  2013
Vitamin D, secondary hyperparathyroidism, and preeclampsia The study concludes that some women who are vitamin D insufficient develop secondary hyperparathyroidism, which is associated with increased risk of preeclampsia. Vitamin D measured by Chromsystems HPLC assay. 2013
Correlation between the cord vitamin D levels and regulatory T cells in newborn infants The results in the paper suggest that the serum level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D is not crucially involved in the correlation between vitamin D status and T cell regulation in cord blood. Measured by Chromsystems HPLC assay 2012
Investigation of insulin resistance in patients with normocalcemic primary hyperparathyroidism. Patients with NPHPT do not exhibit insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Since so little is known about this form of disease, subjects should be monitored regularly for the metabolic aspects of the disease as well as the progression of their disease. vitsamin D measured by HPLC with Chromsystems assay. 2012
Malic enzyme gene polymorphism is associated with responsiveness in circulating parathyroid hormone after long-term calcium supplementation Cytosolic malic enzyme 1 gene polymorphism is associated with the degree of suppression of parathyroid hormone after long-term calcium supplementation. The effect is probably mediated through an increase in intestinal calcium absorption. Vitamin D was anylsed by the MassChrom Vitamin D assay. 2012
Parathyroid incidentalomas detected during thyroid ultrasonography and effect of chronic thyroiditis on false positive parathyroid lesions  Chronic thyroiditis might cause inadvertent interpretation of a hypoechoic lesion as a parathyroid pathology during thyroid US. Vitamin D measured by HPLC with a Chromsystems assay. 2012
Vitamin D and calcium status in urban children attending an ambulatory clinic service in the United Arab Emirates The study highlights that in an ambulatory pediatric clinic population, peri-pubescent children are most at risk of vitamin D deficiency. 2012
Regional variation and determinants of vitamin D status in sunshine-abundant Thailand. Vitamin D insufficiency is common and varies across geographical regions in Thailand. 2011
Vitamin D deficiency and sun avoidance among university students at Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates This study offers evidence that vitamin D deficiency could be a major public health burden among young Emirati adult 2011
Age as a determinant of nutritional status: a cross sectional study Increasing age is independently associated with poor nutritional status, according to this study that used Chromsystems HPLC assay to measure Vitamin D. 2005
Title Summary Year
Vitamin D epimers are associated with circulating haemoglobin levels independently of C-reactive protein The study showed that vitamin D epimers are associated with circulating haemoglobin levels, which supports the role of vitamin D in red blood cell and iron physiology. 2021
Factors associated with bone health status of Malaysian pre-adolescent children in the PREBONE-Kids Study Lean mass was the major determinant of bone mineral content and demnsity among pre-adolescent Malaysian children alongside other modifiable lifestyle factors. MassChrom Vitamin D an dpeimer upgrade were used 2021
Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Modifiable Lifestyle Factors in Pre-Adolescent Children Living in Urban Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Modifiable lifestyle factors such as sun exposure and reducing obesity are important public health guidance to ensure optimal vitamin D status in these children according to that study that used the MassChrom Vitamin D assay including the epimer upgrade 2021
Investigating the Relationship between Vitamin D and Persistent Symptoms Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection These results suggest that persistent fatigue and reduced exercise tolerance following COVID-19 are independent of vitamin D. Measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay. 2021
Vitamin D pathway gene polymorphisms, vitamin D level, and cytokines in children with type 1 diabetes Relationships between Type-1 diabetes and CYP2R1 polymorphism and VDR haplotype were found. Vitamin D gene-related variations were associated with vitamin D and circulating cytokine levels in children with Type-1 diabetes 2021
Effects of preoperative calcium levels and parathyroidectomyon renal function in primary hyperparathyroidism: a retrospective study  After surgery, patients with low eGFR had preserved renal function, whereas those with normal eGFR had decreased renal function. Mild renal dysfunction in PHPT was associated with older age, hypertension, and high calcium levels. 2020
The genetic determinants of circulating C3-epimers of 25-hydroxyvitamin D the first study to demonstrate genetic models concerning the variation in C3-epimer levels. Their results emphasize that genetic determinants and the potential factors of C3-epimers differ from non-C3-epimers. Vitamin D was measured by MassChrom assay. 2018
Prevalence and determinants of vitamin D deficiency in the third trimester of pregnancy: a multicentre study in Switzerland Vitamin D supplement intake was the most actionable determinant of vitamin D status, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy should receive more attention in clinical practice. Vitamin D measured with MassChrom Vitamin D assay on a MassSTAR instrument. 2018
Serum C3 epimer of 25-hydroxyvitamin D and its determinants in adults: a national health examination survey in Thais A high percentage of Thai adults had detectable 3-epi-25(OH)D3 that was <10 % of the total 25(OH)D levels. Age, gender, and living in a rural area were associated with the relative amount of 3-epi-25(OH)D3 to total 25(OH)D3. Measured with the MassChrom Vitamin D assay with the epimer upgrade. 2015
     
Title Summary Year
Assessment of Becton Dickinson Plain and Serum Separator Tubes in Measurement of 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3) by HPLC and Immunoassay Methods The gel Serum Separator Tubes do not interfere with the measurement of 25OHD3 by HPLC or common immunoassays. This important finding may enable clinical laboratories to make cost savings by using SSTs without concerns about inaccuracy. 2016
Analytical bias in the measurement of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations impairs assessment of vitamin D status in clinical and research settings Our results demonstrate considerable differences in the measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D concentrations compared with a certified laboratory, even between laboratories using assays based on liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, which is often considered the gold-standard assay. 2015
Poster: 25OHD3 and its epimer: determination by LC-MS/MS Data presented suggests that the C3-epimer plays a significant role in the vitamin D metabolite pattern of infants, whereas it does not in older children and adults. An international detailed study is ongoing in our laboratories to investigate the 25OHD3 and its C3-epimer in infants and young adults. 2011
Title Summary Year
Analytical bias in the measurement of serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D concentrations impairs assessment of vitamin D status in clinical and research settings The authors note that the vast majority of commercial laboratories rely on automated immunoassays, many of which are known to read low compared with LC-MS/MS. all laboratories should monitor their performance with an accuracy-based quality assurance system, with regular checks, and should, ideally, comply with international standardisation efforts. 2015

Please find here publications as guides for reference ranges or therapeutic ranges. They may differ from other published data and are only intended to serve as a rough guide. As data vary depending on patient population and measurement method, please determine ranges for your laboratory. When determining ranges make sure that you comply with local national requirements. 

Title Summary Year
Thomas L. (ed)- Labor und Diagnose, 8th edition, TH books (2012) Book with reference values.  2012
Seasonal, ethnic and gender variations in serum vitamin D3 levels in the local population of Peterborough The proposed reference range indicates that 34% of the ‘healthy’ Asian community are vitamin D deficient compared with 2% of Caucasians. Measured by the Chromsystems HPLC assay. 2010